It is the thesis of this paper that for Christians to be successful in living truly integrated lives in their workplace or business, they must be challenged by a holistic world view that unifies their thinking and goes beyond a set of rules; ethical guidelines; Scriptural principles; etc. An example of an one integrative thought that challenges all our behavior is the question – What would Jesus do? WWJD is a popular trend with Christian youth, but it is inadequate to serve as a principle for Marketplace Christians. The integrative principle that must guide Christians in the marketplace is that of love. Love compels Christians to put their faith into action and to live what they believe. Love will motivate Christians in the marketplace to follow the example of Christ in the incarnation. It will move them to identify with those who are lost and alone in a dark world. It will allow them to share in the sufferings of those they care for and by bringing the presence of Christ into the marketplace also bring transformation and hope. As “sent ones” Christians in the marketplace are to practice incarnational love by coming along side of those to which they are sent, by participating in their lives as fellow travelers, by revealing the character of God through their work and witness and by bringing transformation in people and systems through all the resources of the Trinity.

Introduction

Looking for Resources

Several years ago I had the opportunity to visit the country of Zambia in south central Africa. My work there was to train Zambian entrepreneurs in small business skills. At the same time I taught these business people some Biblical principles that would help them to integrate their Christian faith into their marketplace activity.[1] In my search for teaching material to equip Christians in business I wrote to over 100 business people that I knew asking them for resources that had helped them as Christians in business. A fellow, who runs a Christian bookstore, replied: "I began immediately to look for books that might be suitable but was unable to find any that were really excellent... My findings so far have been from microfiche and computer lists and talking to our sales representatives. One sales rep was sure he had the answers for me but when I ordered the book in to look at I was not impressed... All the books I found are what I would call 'glorified ethics books' and not suitable for teaching purposes." The replies I received from others were equally lacking in good teaching resources for Christians in business.

Most Resources Inadequate

Since my time in Zambia I have sought to collect and organize a comprehensive list of resources for Christians in the marketplace. I recently published this list on the Internet at the Scruples for Marketplace Christians Web site (www.scruples.org). However, many of the books I found were still not much more than 'glorified ethics books' . Ethics in business is an important subject and is becoming more of a popular topic even in non Christian circles. However, it often fails to address the integrative process that Christians need to apply to their lives so that they may be true to their faith in Christ and also be “in the world” but not “of the world”

Looking for One Guiding Integrative Principle

I believe that for Christians to successfully live their faith in the marketplace they must first integrate that faith personally into their lives and secondly integrate their faith filled lives into their marketplace activity. By integration I mean a coming together of an everyday outlook on life with a biblical worldview that places faith in Christ at the centre of our understanding.[2] Thus this paper will address the topic of integration first from a personal perspective and secondly from a context perspective. The object of the paper will be to discern one guiding integrative principle that will transcend both personal and societal contexts and challenge Christians in the marketplace to Christlikeness in all spheres of their lives.

Personal Integration of Biblical Faith

What Would Jesus Do? (WWJD)

A popular trend in Christian youth circles is the wearing of bracelets with the initials "WWJD" embroidered on them. The letters WWJD stand for the question: "What would Jesus do?” This phrase derives from a book written by Charles Sheldon entitled In His Steps. It tells the fictional story of a church congregation that decided to live their lives for one year asking themselves one question – “What would Jesus do?”

The story challenges the reader to think of how Jesus would respond in the everyday life choices that people have to make. By thinking of the choices Jesus would make people can live their lives according to his life example. The concept is simple and easy to understand, however, as John Stackhouse points out in a recent opinion piece in Faith Today it is not as easy as it seems to know what Jesus would do in every given circumstance. Stackhouse remarks that Jesus was divine as well as human, that he was called to be a Messiah (a unique office), and that he lived as a Jewish male and itinerant preacher. With these realities in mind it is difficult to follow his example in every instance and thus he believes it is a theological as well as ethical mistake to hold up the example of Jesus as an itinerant preacher as normative for today’s Christian.[3]

A Holistic Challenge to Personal Integration

John Stackhouse has a point in his criticism of the trend because only the whole body of Christ can really imitate Christ. I think there is a more profound reason why we need to revisit Sheldon’s hypothesis that the world would be changed one question at a time. This reason has to do with “worldview.” The world is profoundly influenced by a Greek worldview that compartmentalizes life and divides our behaviour into various categories.[4] For us to be ethically correct we need a fixed set of rules for each compartment that apply to each of our behaviors. What the WWJD trend does is present a holistic approach to behaviour and worldview. One thought – WWJD – challenges all of our behaviour. The WWJD challenge is a challenge to integrate our thinking and our behaviour so that we live as a whole person and not as split personalities each with a given set of rules for different roles and behaviors.

Rules lead to Legalism

The problem with teachings on business ethics is that rather than taking a holistic approach, it follows the way of Greek thinking and often focuses the audience on specific behaviors and ideals or principles to challenge those behaviors.[5] These principles become rules by which we conduct our lives and we must have a set of rules for each set of behaviours. A rules centred approach to integration can descend into legalism. However, as Alexander Hill points out, “The foundation of Christian ethics in business is not rules but the changeless character of God.”[6] Hill goes onto to identify three divine characteristics to challenge Christian behaviour: holiness, justice and love.[7] I would like to focus our attention on the last characteristic of love as a holistic challenge to integration.

Love as the Integrative Principle

In response to the Jewish lawyer’s question concerning the greatest commandment, Jesus responded, "'Love the Lord your God with all your heart and with all your soul and with all your mind.' This is the first and greatest commandment. And the second is like it: 'Love your neighbor as yourself.' (Matthew 22:37-39 NIV). In this answer, Jesus establishes “love” as the integrative principle for our lives.

Paul Ramsey in his seminal text on Christian ethics clearly identifies the distinction between a “rules centred” approach and a “love centred” approach to integration. He said,

“A faithful Jew stayed as close as possible to observance of the law even when he had to depart from it. Jesus stayed as close as possible to the fulfillment of human need, no matter how wide of the Sabbath law this led him. Judaism varied the rules so as to care for human need. With regard to Sabbath observance, Jesus quite spontaneously left the rules behind in order quickly to take maximum care of those in need. Jewish ethics was a legalism modified by humanitarianism, which meant also a humanitarianism LIMITED by legalism. Jesus humanitarianism was not at all fettered by respect for long-established custom or the preconceptions of legal definitions. Love led him to be downright unconcerned about the laws he had been trained to cherish.” [8] (Emphasis added)

Ramsay goes on to say,

“This contrast is not of historical significance only. The statement or defense the Jews had ready to make of their position is precisely the viewpoint of conventional moralists in every age: Even when for mercy’s sake you have to break them, stick as close to the rules as you can. This is the viewpoint of at least every man who considers himself an authority on good and evil. In contrast Christians are bound by Jesus’ attitude of sticking as close as possible to human need, no matter what the rules say, as the primary meaning of obligation… Strictly speaking, this is a new “principle” for morality only in the sense that here all morality governed by principles, rules, customs, and laws goes to pieces and is given another sovereign test. For this reason Christianity is relevant, as relevant as a revolutionary threat, to every culture yet identical with none. It announces to every age: man is not made for your institutions.” [9]

So when Jesus answered the Jewish lawyer question about the greatest commandment he not only established the love commands as superior to other commandments, he taught that these commandments were “infinitely superior to all the rest.” [10]. So he could finish his answer “do this and your will live” (Luke 10:28 NASB), that is to say, this is all that is necessary to live.

Not Situational Ethics

No doubt some will misinterpret the "love-centred" approach to integration as a form of situational ethics. Joseph Fletcher takes this approach by proclaiming the "immorality of morality" and stating that any action is justifiable as long as the motive is love.[11] Not so with Christ's call for us to love God and love our neighbor. This call is to "obedient" love, a love that acts in response to God's love to us. "This is love: not that we loved God, but that he loved us and sent his Son as an atoning sacrifice for our sins. Dear friends, since God so loved us, we also ought to love one another." (1 John 4:10-11 NIV). Jesus was "obedient unto death." (Philippians 2:8). He knew God's will and was prepared to obey it even if it meant his death. So too we are called to know God's will and obey it even at great personal sacrifice. This is obedient love. It is not a situational love that has no reference but love itself. It is a love that has the will and character of God (holiness, justice and love) as it's reference and is prepared to obey that will.[12] And what is God's will? "A new command I give you: Love one another. As I have loved you, so you must love one another." (John 13:34 NIV)

Summary

In summary, the integrative principle that must guide us in the personal integration of our faith and life is that of love. Love is faith in action. “For in Christ Jesus neither circumcision nor uncircumcision has any value. The only thing that counts is faith expressing itself through love.” (Galatians 5:6 NIV). On the judgement day, Jesus will not be asking us how well we did in obeying all the rules, rather his question to us will be: “Did you learn to love?”

Marketplace Integration of Biblical Faith

What Would Jesus Do in the Marketplace?

The great grandson of Charles Sheldon has recently published a modern version of the famous book entitled “What Would Jesus Do?” One of the vignettes in his book tells the story of a Christian Department Store manager who asks the WWJD question and changes his business practices in his store so that the store no longer sells tobacco and hard liquor. This change results in a substantial drop in profits. However, the loss of income is then to be made up with the introduction of a new deli and bakery service.[13] The story does not continue on, though, to see whether or not the introduction of these new services produces long term success and avoids the lay off of a substantial part of the store’s workforce due to the drop in profits from liquor and tobacco.

From Sheldon’s perspective, as well as many other authors who write on this topic, marketplace integration of Biblical faith has to do with modifying business activity to be more consistent with a biblical or even extra biblical set of so called “Christian” values or rules. The object of the WWJD question is to conform our behaviour to this set of “expected” Christian rules – “Don’t drink alcohol. Don’t smoke tobacco. etc.” . The natural consequence of adhering to a set of rules that are not the same as others around us is separation and if this separation results in harm being done to others (e.g. job loss) it has the potential to lead to alienation.

The Alienation of Christians in the Marketplace

The alienation of Christians in the marketplace is a growing phenomena. The clash of value systems between Christians and non Christians has been characterized as “culture war”. It has become such a problem that the US Government has had to issue extensive guidelines as to what is permissible religious practice at the workplace.[14] It is not uncommon to hear of stories of Christians being fired for expressing unpopular and politically incorrect statements.. This has given rise to a Christian “rights” movement that is advocating laws be passed in Congress protecting religious expression.[15]

Rules Centred Integration not Adequate to resolve Marketplace Alienation

What is wrong with this picture? Christians are alienated because they are either too hypocritical, that is, they do not meet the expectations of others as to how a Christian should act or they are alienated because they are too “righteousness” and that offends those who do not have the same value system.[16]

The Corban Effect

The weakness of the “rules centred” approach to integration is what I call the “corban” effect. Jesus exposed the hypocrisy and greed of the Pharisees by pointing out that their tradition of allowing children to give their money to the temple instead of supporting their parents was contrary to the word of God that commanded them to honor their parents. (Mark 7) So too, Christians can fall into the trap of “cutting such a swath of righteousness” across their marketplace situation that their behaviour brings harm to others and shame on the name of Christ. This adherence to “values” can set aside the weightier injunctions in Scripture to love your neighbor and do unto others as you would have them do unto you..

For example, I have heard it reported that a Christian Print shop that had an established relationship with an ad agency refused to print a poster promoting a Gay Pride Event. The Ad agency was used to delivering their copy close to their deadlines and receiving it back “just in time” the refusal to print the poster on “moral” grounds did not leave the ad agency any time to meet their deadlines and resulted in a costly penalty. Obvious alienation occurred between the Christian Print shop and the non Christian ad agency over this event.

Fairness and Concern for Neighbor Overules

The Christian Print shop was demonstrating a “rules centred” approach to their marketplace activity. They valued their adherence to Biblical injunctions against homosexuality more than the business they were doing. Unfortunately, it was not only their business that paid the price for their rules centred approach but also another business that did not share the same set of values. Christian Print shops do not have to print objectionable material; however, fairness and a concern for a neighbor requires that proper notice be given so as to avoid harming the operation of other businesses.

The Incarnation – The True Model of Marketplace Integration

The apostle Paul wrote to the Philippian church in the first century about issues of alienation. It is significant that the setting for this letter is a prosperous Roman Military Colony and that the first convert to Christianity here was a business women (Acts 16:14)[17] In his letter he did not challenge the wealthy commercial elite to stop selling products harmful to others; nor did he question their business ethics. Rather he held up the example of Christ in his humanity as a model for them to follow. He said,

“If therefore there is any encouragement in Christ, if there is any consolation of love, if there is any fellowship of the Spirit, if any affection and compassion, make my joy complete by being of the same mind, maintaining the same love, united in spirit, intent on one purpose. Do nothing from selfishness or empty conceit, but with humility of mind let each of you regard one another as more important than himself; do not merely look out for your own personal interests, but also for the interests of others. Have this attitude in yourselves which was also in Christ Jesus, who, although He existed in the form of God, did not regard equality with God a thing to be grasped, but emptied Himself, taking the form of a bond-servant, and being made in the likeness of men. And being found in appearance as a man, He humbled Himself by becoming obedient to the point of death, even death on a cross. Therefore also God highly exalted Him, and bestowed on Him the name which is above every name, that at the name of Jesus every knee should bow, of those who are in heaven, and on earth, and under the earth, and that every tongue should confess that Jesus Christ is Lord, to the glory of God the Father.” (Philippians 2:1-11 NASB)

Let this Mind be in You

Paul’s exhortation to the Philippian marketplace Christians to “let this mind be in you as was in Christ” is also an exhortation to today’s Christians in the marketplace to follow the example of Christ in his incarnation.